Exercise -4 (Inheritance)

netaji gandi Saturday, January 2, 2021
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 Exercise -4 (Inheritance):

a) Write C++ Programs and incorporating various forms of Inheritance

          i) Single Inheritance

          ii) Hierarchical Inheritance 

          iii) Multiple Inheritances 

          iv) Multi-level inheritance 

          v) Hybrid inheritance 

b) Also illustrate the order of execution of constructors and destructors in inheritance


i) Single Inheritance

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class AddData          //Base Class
{
        protected:
                int num1, num2;
        public:
                void accept()
                {
                        cout<<"\n Enter First Number : ";
                        cin>>num1;
                        cout<<"\n Enter Second Number : ";
                        cin>>num2;
                }
};
class Addition: public AddData   //Class Addition – Derived Class
{
                int sum;
        public:
                void add()
                {
                        sum = num1 + num2;
                }
                void display()
                {
                        cout<<"\n Addition of Two Numbers : "<<sum;
                }
};
int main()
{
        Addition a;
        a.accept();
        a.add();
        a.display();
        return 0;
}

Output:

Multi-level inheritance :

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class AddData      //Base Class
{
    protected:
        int subjects[3], i;
    public:
        void accept_details()
        {
                cout<<"\n Enter Marks for Three Subjects ";
                cout<<"\n ------------------------------- \n";
                cout<<"\n English : ";
                cin>>subjects[0];
                cout<<"\n Maths : ";
                cin>>subjects[1];
                cout<<"\n History : ";
                cin>>subjects[2];
        }
};
//Class Total – Derived Class. Derived from class AddData and Base class of class Percentage
class Total : public AddData   
{
    protected:
        int total;
    public:
        void total_of_three_subjects()
        {
                total = subjects[0] + subjects[1] + subjects[2];
        }
};
class Percentage : public Total       //Class Percentage – Derived Class. Derived from class Total
{
    private:
        float per;
    public:
        void calculate_percentage()
        {
                per=total/3;
        }
        void show_result()
        {
                cout<<"\n ------------------------------- \n";
                cout<<"\n Percentage of a Student : "<<per;
        }
};
int main()
{
        Percentage p;
        p.accept_details();
        p.total_of_three_subjects();
        p.calculate_percentage();
        p.show_result();
        return 0;
}

Output:


Hierarchical Inheritance

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;
class Side
{
protected:
int l;
public:
void set_values (int x)
{ 
            l=x;
        }
}; 
class Square: public Side
{
public:
int sq()
{ 
                return (l *l); 
        }
}; 
class Cube:public Side
{
public:
int cub()
{ 
                return (l *l*l); 
        }
}; 
int main ()
{
Square s;
s.set_values (10);
cout << "The square value is::" << s.sq() << endl;
Cube c;
c.set_values (20);
cout << "The cube value is::" << c.cub() << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Total Objects: 1
The square value is:: 100
The cube value is::8000

Multiple Inheritance in C++


#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base1 {
  public:
    Base1()
    {
      cout << "This is Base 1" << endl;
    }
};

class Base2 {
  public:
    Base2()
    {
      cout << "This is Base 2" << endl;
    }
};

class Child: public Base1, public Base2 {

};

int main()
{
    Child obj;
    return 0;
}



Hybrid Inheritance in C++ 

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int a,b,c,d,e;
class A    
{
protected:
public:
void getab()    
{
cout<<"\nEnter a and b value:";
cin>>a>>b;        
}
};
 
class B:public A    {
protected:
public:
void getc()    
{
cout<<"Enter c value:";
cin>>c;    
}
};
 
class C    
{
protected:
public:
void getd()    
{
cout<<"Enter d value:";
cin>>d;    
}
};
 
class D:public B,public C    
{
protected:
public:
void result()    
{
getab();    getc();
getd();    e=a+b+c+d;
cout<<"\n Addition is :"<<e; 
}
};
 
int main()    
{
D d1;
d1.result();
return 0;
}

Output
Total Objects: 1
Enter a and b value: 5 10
Enter c value: 15
Enter d value: 20

Addition is :50
netaji gandi Saturday, January 2, 2021
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Data Structures through C++ Lab Exercise -3

netaji gandi
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Exercise -3 (Operator Overloading) 

a) Write a program to Overload Unary, and Binary Operators as Member Function, and Non Member Function. 

                 i) Unary operator as member function 

               ii) Binary operator as non member function 

b) Write a C ++ program to implement the overloading assignment = operator


Exercise -3 a-i)

Using a member function to overload an unary operator

Following program demonstrates overloading unary minus operator using a member function:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number
{
private:
int x;
public:
Number(int x)
{
this->x = x;
}
void operator -()
{
x = -x;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"x = "<<x;
}
};
int main()
{
Number n1(10);
-n1;
n1.display();
return 0;
}

Output of the above program is as follows:

x = -10

When a friend function is used to overload an unary operator following points must be taken care of:
  • The function will take one operand as a parameter.
  • The operand will be an object of a class.
  • The function can access the private members only though the object.
  • The function may or may not return any value.
  • The friend function will not have access to the this
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number
{
private:
int x;
public:
Number(int x)
{
this->x = x;
}
friend Number operator -(Number &);
void display()
{
cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl;
}
};
Number operator -(Number &n)
{
return Number(-n.x);
}
int main()
{
Number n1(20);
Number n2 = -n1;
n2.display();
return 0;
}

Output of the above program is as follows:

x = -20;


Exercise -3 a-ii)
ii) Binary operator as non member function

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number
{
private:
int x;
public:
Number() {}
Number(int x)
{
this->x = x;
}
friend Number operator +(Number &, Number &);
void display()
{
cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl;
}
};
Number operator +(Number &n1, Number &n2)
{
Number temp;
temp.x = n1.x + n2.x;
return temp;
}
int main()
{
Number n1(20);
Number n2(10);
Number n3 = n1 + n2;
n3.display();
return 0;
}

Output of the above program is as follows:

x = 30

Following program demonstrates overloading the binary operator + using a member function:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number
{
private:
int x;
public:
Number() {}
Number(int x)
{
this->x = x;
}
Number operator +(Number &n)
{
Number temp;
temp.x = x + n.x;
return temp;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Number n1(20);
Number n2(10);
Number n3 = n1 + n2;
n3.display();
return 0;
}

Output of the above program is as follows:

x = 30


Exercise -3b
b) Write a C ++ program to implement the overloading assignment = operator

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number
{
private:
int x;
public:
Number(int p)
{
x = p;
}
Number operator =(Number &n)
{
return Number(n.x);
}
void display()
{
cout<<"x = "<<x;
}
};
int main()
{
Number n1(10);
Number n2 = n1;
n2.display();
return 0;
}

Output for the above program is as follows:

x = 10
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DATA STRUCTURES THROUGH C++ LAB R19 Exercise -2

netaji gandi
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DATA STRUCTURES THROUGH C++ LAB  R19

Exercise -2 (Access) 

Write a program for illustrating Access Specifiers public, private, protected 

a) Write a program implementing Friend Function 

b) Write a program to illustrate this pointer 

c) Write a Program to illustrate pointer to a class



Exercise -2a:-   Write a program implementing Friend Function 

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

{

protected:

int x;

public:

A(int p)

{

x = p;

}

};

class B : public A

{

private:

int y;

public:

B(int p, int q) : A(p)

{

y = q;

}

void show()

{

cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl;

cout<<"y = "<<y<<endl;

}

};

int main()

{

B obj(10, 20);

//Since show is public in class B, it is accessible in main function

obj.show(); //x is protected in A so it is accessible in B's show function

//y is not accessible in main as it is private to class B

//cout<<obj.y 

return 0;

}

Output for the above program is as follows:

x = 10

y = 20


Exercise -2b:-  Write a program to illustrate this pointer 

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

{

private:

int x;

int y;

public:

A(int x, int y)

{

this->x = x;

this->y = y;

}

void display()

{

cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl;

cout<<"y = "<<y<<endl;

}

A& clone()

{

return *this;

}

};

int main()

{

A obj1(10, 20);

obj1.display();

A obj2 = obj1.clone();

obj2.display();

return 0;

}

Output for the above program is as follows:

x = 10

y = 20

x = 10

y = 20

Exercise -2c:-Write a Program to illustrate pointer to a class

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

{

private:

int x;

int y;

public:

A(int x, int y)

{

this->x = x;

this->y = y;

}

void display()

{

cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl;

cout<<"y = "<<y<<endl;

}

};

int main()

{

A *ptr = new A(10, 30); //Here ptr is pointer to class A

ptr->display();

return 0;

}

Output for the above program is as follows:

x = 10

y = 30
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Object Oriented Programming through C++ LAB R19 (DS LAB)

netaji gandi
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                    Object Oriented Programming through C++ LAB R19 (DS LAB)

                                                  DS-LAB Exercise -1 to Exercise -5

Exercise -1 (Classes Objects) 

Create a Distance class with: 

  •  feet and inches as data members 
  •  member function to input distance
  •  member function to output distance 
  •  member function to add two distance objects 

a) Write a main function to create objects of DISTANCE class. Input two distances and output the sum. 

b) Write a C++ Program to illustrate the use of Constructors and Destructors (use the above program.) 

c) Write a program for illustrating function overloading in adding the distance between objects (use the above problem)

Exercise -1 a):-

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Distance

{

private:

int feet;

int inches;

public:

void set_distance()

{

cout<<"Enter feet: ";

cin>>feet;

cout<<"Enter inches: ";

cin>>inches;

}

void get_distance()

{

cout<<"Distance is feet= "<<feet<<", inches= "<<inches<<endl;

}

void add(Distance d1, Distance d2)

{

feet = d1.feet + d2.feet;

inches = d1.inches + d2.inches;

feet = feet + (inches / 12);

inches = inches % 12;

}

};

int main()

{

Distance d1, d2, d3;

d1.set_distance();

d2.set_distance();

d3.add(d1, d2);

d3.get_distance();

return 0;

}

Input and output for the above program are as follows:

Enter feet: 3

Enter inches: 8

Enter feet: 4

Enter inches: 9

Distance is feet= 8, inches= 5


Exercise -1 b):-

Write a C++ Program to illustrate the use of Constructors and Destructors (use the above program.) 

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Distance

{

private:

int feet;

int inches;

public:

Distance() {}

Distance(int f, int i)

{

feet = f;

inches = i;

}

void get_distance()

{

cout<<"Distance is feet= "<<feet<<", inches= "<<inches<<endl;

}

void add(Distance &d1, Distance &d2)

{

feet = d1.feet + d2.feet;

inches = d1.inches + d2.inches;

feet = feet + (inches / 12);

inches = inches % 12;

}

~Distance()

{

cout<<"Distance object destroyed"<<endl;

}

};

int main()

{

int f1, in1, f2, in2;

cout<<"Enter feet: ";

cin>>f1;

cout<<"Enter inches: ";

cin>>in1;

cout<<"Enter feet: ";

cin>>f2;

cout<<"Enter inches: ";

cin>>in2;

Distance d1(f1, in1);

Distance d2(f2, in2);

Distance d3;

d3.add(d1, d2);

d3.get_distance();

return 0;

}

Input and output for the above program are as follows:

Enter feet: 3

Enter inches: 8

Enter feet: 4

Enter inches: 9

Distance is feet= 8, inches= 5

Distance object destroyed

Distance object destroyed

Distance object destroyed

Exercise -1 c):-

Write a program for illustrating function overloading in adding the distance between objects (use the above problem)

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Distance

{

private:

int feet;

int inches;

public:

void set_distance()

{

cout<<"Enter feet: ";

cin>>feet;

cout<<"Enter inches: ";

cin>>inches;

}

void get_distance()

{

cout<<"Distance is feet= "<<feet<<", inches= "<<inches<<endl;

}

void add(Distance d1, Distance d2)

{

feet = d1.feet + d2.feet;

inches = d1.inches + d2.inches;

feet = feet + (inches / 12);

inches = inches % 12;

}

void add(Distance *d1, Distance *d2)

{

feet = d1->feet + d2->feet;

inches = d1->inches + d2->inches;

feet = feet + (inches / 12);

inches = inches % 12;

}

};

int main()

{

Distance d1, d2, d3;

d1.set_distance();

d2.set_distance();

d3.add(d1, d2);

d3.get_distance();

d3.add(&d1, &d2);

d3.get_distance();

return 0;

}

Input and output for the above program are a follows:

Enter feet: 3

Enter inches: 4

Enter feet: 4

Enter inches: 9

Distance is feet= 8, inches= 1

Distance is feet= 8, inches= 1
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